Showing posts with label Electronics. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Electronics. Show all posts

Wednesday, January 2, 2019

January 02, 2019

Electronic Filters, High Pass, Low Pass, Band Pass, Band Reject Filters

Electronic Filters with Types and Application

I have noticed that many students face problems when they reading Electronic Filter. Most of the students want to know about the Electronic Filter in a simple way. If you go to read the Electronic Filter from books then you may face many problems or you may not properly understand the electronic filter. Because most of the books have detailed explanation and many equations. So if you an electronic engineering student then you must read all about the electronic filter but if an electrical engineering student or have other stream and want to get the overall concept of the Electronic Filter then this article will be helpful for you.
In this post, I have tried to give you the overall concept of the electronic filter. So Let's go.

What is Electronic Filter

The Electronic Filter is an electrical or electronic circuit which allows to the passing of the signals of a predetermined frequency and rejects the all other frequency signals.
We know that any electronic signals have some frequency. Most of the cases we used only the signal having a particular frequency.
In the signal transmission purpose, we send and receive high-frequency signals to get better bandwidth and to send or receive a large amount of data. But after receiving the signals we have required to filter those signals to get the signal of a particular required frequency.
For example, we received a signal of 20 MHz but we need up to the 10 MHz signal. So in this case, we use a filter circuit which allows up to 10 MHz signals and rejects beyond the 10 MHz signals.

Types of Electronic Filter

According to the circuit element types, the electronic filter classified into two types,
  1. Active Filter
  2. Passive Filter

Active Filter

The filter circuit which is made by active elements like Transistors, Op amp, diodes etc is called Active Filter.

Types of Active Filter

According to signal filtering characteristics, the Active Filter is classified into four types,
  1. Active Low Pass Filter
  2. Active High Pass Filter
  3. Active Band Pass Filter
  4. Active Band Reject Filter

Passive Filter

The filter circuit which is made by passive elements like resistors, capacitors, inductors is called Passive Filter.

Types of Passive Filter

  1. Passive Low Pass Filter
  2. Passive High Pass Filter
  3. Passive Band Pass Filter
  4. Passive Band Reject Filter
So from the above concept, we can say there are four types of Electronic Filter which are,
  1. Low Pass Filter
  2. High Pass Filter
  3. Band Pass Filter
  4. Band Reject Filter

These above filters can be designed either taking active elements or passive elements. These basic four types of filter we will discuss.

Low Pass Filter 

The filter circuit which allows passing the signals having the low frequency (starting from 0 to predetermined cut-off frequency) and rejects the signal having the frequency beyond that cut-off frequency is called Low Pass Filter.
For example, a 50 MHz signal is present but we need the signal up to 25 MHz. In this case, we have needed a low pass filter which will allow the passing of the signal having the frequency from zero(0) to 25 MHz and will reject the signal having the frequency beyond 25 MHz.

Frequency Spectrum of low pass filter is shown below

low pass filter frequency response spectrum

Examples of Low Pass Filter

  1. RC Low Pass Filter: This is the filter circuit which is designed by resistor and capacitor.
  2. RL Low Pass Filter: This is the filter circuit which is designed by Resistor and inductor.
  3. RLC Low Pass Filter: This is the filter circuit which is designed by resistor, capacitor, and inductor.
To better understand the working of low pass filter let's discuss RC Low pass filter,
RC low pass filter circuit diagram
RC low pass filter circuit diagram

As you see in the above figure, the circuit has a capacitor is connected in parallel. The working of this circuit is very simple. According to the below equation, we know that the reactance of the capacitor is inversely proportional to the frequency.


So when a low-frequency signal is passing through the circuit the reactance of the capacitor will be high and we will get the output signal same as the input signal. But when a high-frequency signal is passing through the circuit the reactance of the capacitor will be low so the current( electronic signal is a flow of current) will flow through the capacitor or we can say the capacitor complete the circuit so we will not get any output.
You can also understand the principle by the below equation

Applications of Low Pass Filter

  1. Low Pass Filter used in Digital Signal Processing
  2. It used in Audio Equalization purpose.
  3. It is used to reduce high-frequency noise in Audio.
  4. It is used as anti-aliasing filters in Analog to Digital Conversion.

High Pass Filter

The filter circuit which allows passing the signals having the high frequency starting from a predetermined cut-off frequency and rejects the signals having the frequency below that cut-off frequency is called High Pass Filter.
Suppose we have signals of 50 MHz but we need the signal beyond 25 MHz. In this case, we have needed a High Pass Filter which will reject the signals having the frequency below 25 MHz and allow the beyond 25 MHz signals.

Frequency Spectrum of High Pass Filter is shown below

high pass filter frequency response spectrum

Examples of High Pass Filter

  1. RC High Pass Filter
  2. RL High Pass Filter
  3. RLC High Pass Filter
To better understand the working of the high pass filter let's discuss the RC high pass filter,
RC high pass filter circuit diagram
RC high pass filter circuit diagram

As you see in the above figure a capacitor is connected in series. So when a high-frequency signal is flowing through the circuit, the reactance of the capacitor will be low and we will get the output signal but when the input signal has low frequency the reactance of the capacitor will be high and as it is connected in series it will oppose the flow of the current and we will not get output.


Applications of High Pass Filter

  1. High pass filter is used in digital image processing.
  2. It used to reduce low-frequency noise 
  3. It is used as the treble booster circuit in the audio system.

Band Pass Filter

The filter circuit which allows passing the signals having the frequency which is under a certain band and rejects the signals having the frequency which is outside of that band is called Band Pass Filter.
We have signals of 60 MHz but we need the signals of 20-30 MHz. So we have needed a band pass filter which will pass the 20-30 MHz signals and will reject below the 20 MHz and beyond the 30 MHz signals.
Frequency Spectrum of Band Pass Filter is shown below

band pass filter frequency response spectrum

Examples of Band Pass Filter

  1. RC Band Pass Filter
  2. RL Band Pass Filter
  3. RLC Band Pass Filter
We can easily make a Band Pass filter using an RC low pass filter and an RC high pass filter.
RC Band pass filter circuit diagram
RC Band pass filter circuit diagram
As you see in the above figure the circuit has a series capacitor and a parallel capacitor. The series capacitor can reject the low-frequency signal and the parallel capacitor can reject the high-frequency signal. By choosing the appropriate value of the capacitors we can make a frequency band at which the signals can pass through the circuit.

Applications of band Pass Filter

  1. In the telephone system, Band Pass filters are used.
  2. It is used in SONAR system
  3. It is used in Audio Technology

Band Reject Filter

The filter circuit which rejects the signals having the frequency which is under a certain band and allows passing the signals having the frequency which is outside of that band is called Band Reject Filter.
We have signals of 100 MHz but we need the signal of 0-30 MHz and 60-100 MHz. So we need a Band Reject filter which will reject the signals having the frequency of the band 31-59 MHz and will allow the signals having the frequency of outside of the 31-59 MHz band.
Frequency Spectrum of  Band Reject Filter is shown below

band reject filter frequency response spectrum

Example of Band Reject Filter

  1. RLC Band Reject Filter
We can use an RLC parallel circuit as a Band Reject filter. In Parallel Resonance condition the circuit act as Band Reject filter circuit. The output can be obtained across the resistor.
RLC Band reject filter circuit diagram
RLC Band reject filter circuit diagram

Applications of Band Reject Filter

In Telecommunication system, Band Reject Filters are used.
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Saturday, December 22, 2018

December 22, 2018

SCR Triggering / SCR Turn On Methods Full explanation.

SCR Triggering / SCR Turn On Method

SCR Triggering / SCR Turn On Methods Full explanation


SCR is unidirectional, reverse blocking semiconductor device. Today we are going to learn SCR Triggering Methods or you can say SCR Turn On Methods. Because we already know that SCR cannot conduct current in forward condition until we manually turn it on.


What is SCR Triggering?

The process of switching the SCR from OFF state to ON state is called SCR Triggering. That means the Turn ON of SCR is also known as SCR Triggering.
In other words, we can say the process of switching the SCR from forward blocking state to forward conduction state is called SCR Triggering.


Methods of SCR Triggering:

There are many methods of SCR turn on or triggering. The methods of SCR triggering are,


  1. Thermal or Temperature Triggering
  2. Radiation or Light Triggering
  3. Voltage Triggering or Breakover Voltage Turn On
  4. dv/dt triggering
  5. Gate Triggering


What is the Thermal or Temperature Triggering of SCR?

We already know that when the anode of the SCR is positive respect to the cathode the junctions J1 and J2 will be the forward bias and J2 will be the reverse bias. So a small amount of reverse leakage current will flow across the junction J2. 

 As the leakage current depends on the temperature of the junction, in fact, it is directly proportional to the junction temperature. So when the reverse leakage current flow through the junction the temperature will increase which further increase the flow of current. So when the value of the current increased greater than the Latching Current the SCR will be Turn ON.



What is the Radiation or Light Triggering of SCR?

If a beam of light is applied to the junction of the SCR it can produce sufficient energy to break the electron-hole pairs in the semiconductor and the SCR will get Turn ON. 

 So when the intensity of the applied light is increased more than a nominal value the SCR start conducting. It is not an easy process that is why it is used rarely. This triggering mainly used in HVDC Transmission Lines.



Radiation or Light Triggering of SCR, SCR Triggering Methods, SCR Turn On Methods




What is the Voltage Triggering or Breakover Voltage Turn On of SCR?


In forward condition the junction J1 and J3 are forward biased and the junction J2 is reverse biased. So if we add an additional voltage greater than the normal rated forward voltage across the SCR the Junction J2 will go to avalanche breakdown. 

 So the current will start flowing through the junction J2. And also the current will flow through the whole SCR. This additional applied voltage is known as Breakover Voltage. Remember that in this case, the anode current would be limited by only the external load impedance.



Voltage Triggering or Breakover Voltage Turn On of SCR, SCR Triggering Methods, SCR Turn On Methods



What is the dv/dt triggering of SCR?

 We know that in forward condition the junction J1 and J3 are forward biased and the junction J2 is reverse biased. So we can assume that there is a capacitance will produce in the SCR whose junction J2 act as a dielectric medium and the upper portion of the junction J2 is connected to the positive voltage and lower portion to the negative voltage. 

 In this situation, if we increase the rate of change in forward anode-cathode voltage a transient gate current will produce(even the gate terminal is open) which can turn on the SCR.
As in this method, we create change the voltage respect to the time it is called dv/dt triggering.


What is the Gate triggering of SCR?

The process of addition minority carriers into the gate region through the gate electrode to switch on the SCR is known as Gate Triggering.
If we apply a positive voltage to the gate with respect to the cathode a current will flow through the gate terminal and if the gate current is large enough the SCR will switch ON.



Gate triggering of SCR, SCR Triggering Methods, SCR Turn On Methods


Various methods of Gate triggering of SCR:

  1. Triggering by a DC Gate Signal
  2. Triggering by an AC Gate Signal
  3. Triggering by a Pulsed Gate Signal


Read More:

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Friday, December 21, 2018

December 21, 2018

What is Semiconductor, example of semiconductor material, application of semiconductor

What is Semiconductor, the example of semiconductor material, application of semiconductor

What is Semiconductor, example of semiconductor material, application of semiconductor
Silicon
image from Wikimedia

The semiconductor material is the heart of electronics engineering. We cannot think about electronics without semiconductor materials. Most electronics devices use semiconductor materials for making their internal components. Let�s learn about semiconductor very simply.
             Conductor means which conducts current. According to its name, �Semiconductor� implies that it cannot work completely as a conductor material, but it conducts current. So it is not a good conductor. On the other hand the semiconductor, not a good insulator. The electrical property of a semiconductor material lies between Conductor and insulator material.

Let�s learn why semiconductor is not a good conductor or not a good insulator.

Each material has two bands Conduction Band and Valance Band, and the gap between these two Bands is called Energy Band Gap. The free electrons of conduction Band participate in current conduction. In a semiconductor, the bonds between neighboring atoms are not very strong only moderately strong. Therefore this bond can easily break. When bonds are broken, electrons easily comes from valence band to conduction band which participates in current conduction. In the semiconductor, the energy band gap is very small.
What is Semiconductor, example of semiconductor material, application of semiconductor
Germanium
image from Wikimedia

Properties of Semiconductor Material:

1. Semiconductor Material not a good conductor or not a good insulator, its electrical properties lies between Conductor and insulator material. 
2. If the temperature of the semiconductor is increased then its resistance will be decreased.

Types of semiconductor:

1. Intrinsic semiconductor: 

The semiconductor without any impurities is called Intrinsic semiconductor.

2. Extrinsic semiconductor: 

The semiconductor doped by suitable impurities is called Extrinsic semiconductor.

There are two types of Extrinsic semiconductors,

1. P-type (The semiconductor doped by trivalent atom)
2. N-type (The semiconductor doped by pentavalent atom)

Uses of Semiconductor Material:

Most of electronics component made by Semiconductor Material like Diode, Transistors, IC s etc.

Examples of Semiconductor Material:


Silicon(Si), Germanium(Ge)  
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Friday, December 14, 2018

December 14, 2018

Can a step-up transformer be used as an amplifier?

Can a step-up transformer be used as an amplifier?



Can a step-up transformer be used as an amplifier,A Step Up Transformer can be used as an Amplifier, can a transformer work as an amplifier, Transformer vs amplifier.




In this article, we are going to know Can a step-up transformer be used as an amplifier or Not?
As a Step Up Transformer can increase the amplitude of the applied voltage or in the other word a Step Up Transformer can increase the amplitude of the voltage waveform and an Amplifier also can increase the amplitude of the voltage waveform. So you may think that a Step Up Transformer can be used as an Amplifier-that's wrong.
Why we cannot use a Step Up Transformer as an Amplifier described below.



Why we need Amplification?

Actually why we need amplification?. A Transducer or any other devices which can produce signals as our requirement. This type of devices produces very weak signals which cannot drive speakers and other output devices. In this cases, we need the amplification of these weak signals that means an increase of power of these signals. 



Which device can increase power without taking any auxiliary power?


There is no device which can increase the power of any signals without taking any auxiliary power source. If any device can increase power without taking any auxiliary power that means it generates energy. As we know that energy cannot be created or destroyed it can be transferred one form to another form. So this type of device not available.


Why a Step Up Transformer cannot be used for Amplification?


A Step Up Transformer cannot use for Amplification because if you are an Electrical Engineering student then you already know that a Step Up Transformer can increase only voltage, not power as it does not take any auxiliary power source. But we need to increase the power of the weak signals. So, for this reason, a Step Up Transformer cannot use for Amplification. 

Now you may think that a Transformer cannot increase power but how an Amplifier can increase power. There are many types of amplifier available and each type of amplifiers has different working. So I have tried to give a basic idea of working an amplifier in the below section.


How an Amplifier can increase Power?

An amplifier is a device which can increase the magnitude of the power of the weak signal which is given as input by using an auxiliary power supply(DC supply).  Actually, an amplifier generates a new output signal which has a power of high magnitude according to its input signal by taking an auxiliary DC power supply.


Can a step-up transformer be used as an amplifier, A Step Up Transformer can be used as an Amplifier, can a transformer work as an amplifier, Transformer vs amplifier.

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Saturday, November 24, 2018

November 24, 2018

Difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller and CPU-Explained in detail.

Difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller and CPU


Difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller and CPU, Difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller, Difference between Microprocessor and CPU


If you are an Electronics Engineering student or an Electrical Engineering student then you may hear the terms Microprocessor, Microcontroller, and CPU. Most of the students have a confuse that what is the Difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller, Difference between Microprocessor and CPU. In this article, we are going to know the Difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller and CPU.

What is a Microprocessor?

The microprocessor is an electronic logic circuit made by semiconductor devices like transistors, diodes mounted on a single semiconductor chip. The microprocessor can perform or process various computing functions that is why it is called a microprocessor.

What is the difference between Microprocessor and CPU?

To get the answer of this question we must know about the processor. Actually, the term Processor is much known to most of the people than Microprocessor. The processor is also known as CPU(Central Processing Unit).
The Microprocessor consists of ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit), Registers and Timing and Control unit on a single chip.
But the CPU does not consist all the above functions on a single chip. CPU is implemented more than one circuit boards.
So the Microprocessor is in many ways similar to the CPU only the difference is the Microprocessor includes all the logic circuits, including the control unit on one chip. CPU is large in size but microprocessor is small in size. So this is the difference between Microprocessor and CPU.

What is the difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller?


Now one thing you must know that the only microprocessor cannot perform any computing functions or you cannot use the only microprocessor to perform your tasks you must need some peripheral devices like RAM, ROM etc. When Microprocessor and other peripherals like RAM, ROM are mounted in one single chip then it is called microcontroller. This is the main difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller.

 The other differences between Microprocessor and Microcontroller are given below,


  1. The microprocessor has few bits handling instructions. But Microcontroller has many bits handling instructions.
  2. The microprocessor has less number of pins are multifunctional. But Microcontroller has more number of pins are multifunctional.
  3. The microprocessor is much faster than Microcontroller.
  4. The microprocessor-based system required more additional hardware but Microcontroller based system required less additional hardware.

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Monday, November 5, 2018

November 05, 2018

Concepts of Semiconductor Memory in Digital Circuit. Internal structure of Semiconductor Memory.

 Semiconductor Memory


Concepts of Memory in Digital Circuit. Internal structure of Semiconductor Memory. SD Cards.



I think all of you heard the word "Memory". There are many books and blogs where you can learn about the details of memory. Even some of you already know about Memory. But are you know how a Semiconductor Memory is designed. In this post, we are going to learn about the only basic concept of  Memory in Digital circuit and Internal structure of Semiconductor memory.



Semiconductor Memory in Digital Circuit: 

             Memory is a device which can store data in the form of binary. A semiconductor memory is used as a primary memory in the computer and other electronic devices. Most of the semiconductor memory is used Random Access Memory(RAM) because it has much faster access times than other types of data storage devices.





The internal structure of Semiconductor Memory:







Concepts of Memory in Digital Circuit. Internal structure of Semiconductor Memory.Semiconductor Memory.



                                              See the above diagram. The basic structure of memory is given in the above figure. As you see the above figure the memory is consisting of a no of registers. Each registers consisting of no of Flip-Flops. In the below figure each register consisting of 8 Flip-flops. Flip-flops are made by Logic Gates. And Logic gates are made by the transistor. So actually each bit of any binary data stored in a flip-flop. It also called memory cell.


              We already have known that a Flip-flop circuit can store one-bit data that means 0 or 1. So the whole memory is made by flip-flop circuits. As you see each register has 8 flip-flops so one register can store 8 bit or 1-byte data. In the majority of Memory Card, each register has 8 flip-flops.
Each register is indicated by a location that is called memory location or address. You can see according to the above figure the memory address starting from 0000 to FFFF.


  I hope you understood the concepts of Semiconductor Memory in Digital Circuit. The internal structure of Semiconductor Memory.

To better understand the concept of the Semiconductor memory you should know the below topics,


Read Also:




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Saturday, November 3, 2018

November 03, 2018

3 to 8 decoder circuit diagram. 3 to 8 decoder truth table.

Circuit Design of 3 to 8 Decoder Circuit using AND, OR, NOT Gate ICs and Seven Segment Display. 

3 to 8 decoder circuit diagram. 3 to 8 decoder truth table. Circuit Design of 3 to 8 Decoder Circuit using AND, OR, NOT Gate ICs and Seven Segment Display.


Decoder Circuit is a very useful circuit of Digital Electronics. It is a Combinational Logic Circuits. These circuits are used to decode the data into a signal. These circuits are also used to run Seven segment displays.
In this post, we will see the circuit of 3 to 8 decoder using AND, OR, NOT Gate ICs and seven segment display.

                              You can make a 3 to 8 decoder circuit using only a single IC which is already available in the market. But for understanding the basics of 3 to 8 decoder circuit, how a 3 to 8 decoder circuits work, these circuits which shown below are very important.
The below circuits are made by the basic logic gates i.e. AND Gate, NOT Gate, OR gate.


The simple 3 to 8 Decoder circuit using NOT Gate, AND Gate and LEDs:  

This is the very simple circuit. According to your inputs, only one led will be glow at a time. you can make this circuit in your school projects. See the circuit carefully and make the circuit. The wires are indicated by different colors to easily understand the circuit.

 Click on the below image to view original.

3 to 8 decoder circuit diagram. 3 to 8 decoder truth table. Circuit Design of 3 to 8 Decoder Circuit using AND, OR, NOT Gate ICs and Seven Segment Display.



After making the circuit connect Vcc and GND to the 5V DC supply and start giving the inputs. If your LEDs have a very low current rating, you can connect the resistor in series with the LED.
According to the above circuit diagram, the table of Inputs and LEDs is given below.



3 to 8 decoder circuit diagram. 3 to 8 decoder truth table. Circuit Design of 3 to 8 Decoder Circuit using AND, OR, NOT Gate ICs and Seven Segment Display.


Circuit Design of 3 to 8 Decoder Circuit using AND, OR, NOT Gate ICs and Seven Segment Display:

Now, Let's make the circuit 3 to 8 Decoder Circuit using AND, OR, NOT Gate ICs and Seven Segment Display. This Circuit is very complicated as here used only the basic logic gates. See the circuit carefully and make the circuit.

 Click on the below image to view original.

3 to 8 decoder circuit diagram. 3 to 8 decoder truth table. Circuit Design of 3 to 8 Decoder Circuit using AND, OR, NOT Gate ICs and Seven Segment Display.



The Seven Segment display has ten terminals. Five terminals at the top side and five terminals at the bottom side. At first, check the Display and mark every(a,b,c,d,e,f,g) terminal as per the circuit diagram. The a,b,c,d,e,f,g terminals are very important and it must be connected correctly as per the circuit diagram. After making the circuit diagram connect Vcc and GND to the 5V DC supply and start giving the inputs. As it is a 3 to 8 Decoder circuit, you can see the number 0 to 7 on the seven segment display.


3 to 8 decoder circuit diagram. 3 to 8 decoder truth table. Circuit Design of 3 to 8 Decoder Circuit using AND, OR, NOT Gate ICs and Seven Segment Display.





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Sunday, October 14, 2018

October 14, 2018

Very simple Explanation: What is Silicon Controlled Rectifier, Construction of SCR, symbol of SCR, Working of SCR, Application of SCR

What is Silicon Controlled Rectifier, Construction of SCR, the symbol of SCR, Working of SCR, Application of SCR?


In Power Electronics as well as the whole field of Electronics Silicon Controlled Rectifier(SCR) is a very important and useful device.
In this post, we will discuss only the basics concepts of,
                                     

  • What is a Silicon Controlled Rectifier(SCR)? 
  • Construction of an SCR
  • Symbol of an SCR
  • Working principle of an SCR
  • Application of an SCR


What is a Silicon Controlled Rectifier(SCR)? 

                               
                             A Silicon Controlled Rectifier(SCR) is a semiconductor device made by Silicon (It is used as the intrinsic semiconductor to which the proper impurities are added). SCR is a three terminal device. The terminals of SCR are Anode, Cathode, and Gate. The Gate terminal of SCR is also called the control electrode. SCR also called a unidirectional, Switching Device.

Simple structure and construction of Silicon Controlled Rectifier(SCR):


The basic construction of an SCR is shown below. According to the power rating, there are two types of construction of SCR.
For low-power rating, Planner type construction.
For high-power rating, Mesa type construction.
For understanding the basic construction of SCR only Planner type Construction of SCR is given below.



What is Silicon Controlled Rectifier, Construction of SCR, symbol of SCR, Working of SCR, Application of SCR



                    As you see in the above picture the SCR consists of four different layers pellet of P-type and N-type semiconductor materials. In this construction, all the junctions are diffused.

          The cathode terminal is connected to the most top N-type semiconductor material. Next P-type semiconductor material is connected to the Gate terminal. And the most bottom P-type semiconductor material is connected to the Anode terminal.


What is Silicon Controlled Rectifier, Construction of SCR, symbol of SCR, Working of SCR, Application of SCR




Symbol of Silicon Controlled Rectifier(SCR):


What is Silicon Controlled Rectifier, Construction of SCR, symbol of SCR, Working of SCR, Application of SCR



Working Principle of a Silicon Controlled Rectifier(SCR):

I will discuss only the basic working principle of SCR. Because before reading deeply you must know the basic working of an SCR. 
At first, see the structure of an SCR carefully which is given above.
When we applied a positive voltage to the anode with respect to the cathode, J1 and J3 will be forward bias but  J2 will be reverse bias. For current flow through the SCR, all three junctions must be forward bias. So in this condition, current can not flow through the SCR. This is Known as Forward Blocking.
     But when we apply a positive pulse voltage to the Gate terminal the Junction J2 becomes forward bias and current can flow through the SCR. This is known as Forward Conduction.

              When we applied a negative voltage to the anode with respect to the cathode, J1  and J3  will be reverse bias and  J2 will be forward bias. In this condition, no current can flow through the SCR. This is known as Reverse blocking.

Application of Silicon Controlled Rectifier(SCR):

(1) SCR is used for making controlled AC to DC rectifier.
(2) SCR is used to make DC to AC Inverter.
(3) SCR is used for switching in the electronic circuit.
(4) SCR is used to control AC as well as DC motors.

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October 14, 2018

What is Binary Coding. Concepts of Binary Number.

What is Binary Coding? Concepts of Binary Number.

What is Binary Coding. Concepts of Binary Number.
Are you know what is Binary, what is binary coding? When the concepts of Binary Number came. This post will give you a different knowledge of binary. 
The Transistor is very very important and useful device. Every smartphone, Computers, laptops, tablets and many others electronic devices, gadgets are made by Transistors. Nowadays each electronics devices has digital circuits and digital circuit means binary operation. In this post, you will know about the concept of binary, the relation between binary coding and transistor.

Before reading this post you must know How a Transistor works. If you do not know how a transistor works, read the post  Working of a Transistor, use of Transistor.

                                                   When the transistor not discovered, we used vacuum tubes which were these bulky evacuated glass bulbs. The triode vacuum tube consisted of three parts, the cathode, grid, and anode. When a current is passed through the cathode it begins to heat up, and it releases electrons. As there are no gases in the tube the electrons have very little resistance to their movement and they are attracted to the positively charged anode. This completes the circuit and current flows through it. We can manipulate this flow of electrons in many ways with the grid. 

                                 We can use it as a switch. If we connect a light bulb here it will only light up when there is a positive voltage across the grid. And when we apply a negative voltage the negative charge will repel electrons trying to pass through. This concept gives birth to binary coding, which is the 1 and 0 and subsequently digital information. Here 1 means positive voltage and 0 means negative voltage. 1 turns the light on, 0 turns it off.
                                    
                                                     Transistor also has the function very similar to the vacuum tube. Modern electronic devices like mobiles, computers, laptops have billion of Transistors, which perform the same job as the vacuum tubes.

                                                 Let's know how a computer does all these complex tasks that we see today. Let's look at a very basic example. Let's add two numbers together. At first, we have to learn how numbers are represented in binary, it is 1 and 0 which is used to store the data. This number is 15, which with 4 bits you can represent the largest number. The first bit represents 1, represents the next 2, then 4 and finally 8, which adds to the 5th. This pattern continues with each successive bit which indicates the last time, so if we add an extra bit, then we can count to 31. Let's add 5 and 6 together. To do this, we want a circuit that will keep 1 in 1 position in 1 position and 1 will go forward when both will be 1, as you can see that it will give us number 11. A Half Adder circuit which is a very simple digital circuit that can do this. There are two types of logic gates in this circuit, these are the tools that can modify the binary code, they are made using the transistor. The first XOR logic gate, which gives only 1, is one of the inputs, if both are 0 or 1 then it gives 0. The second logic gate is another gate, which gives 0 for everything except the input is 1.
Modern computers, laptops, mobiles can perform millions of calculations per second.

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October 14, 2018

Transistor behind the progress of the whole world : Working of a Transistor, Use of a Transistor.

Transistor behind the progress of the whole world: Working of a Transistor, Use of a Transistor.



Transistor behind the progress of the whole world : Working of a Transistor, Use of a Transistor.

If you want to know What is Transistor? working of a Transistor, Use of a transistor, What importance of Transistor? then this post will be helpful for you.
If I ask you what is the most important progress made by humankind. What will you say? Many people will say the case of fire, our species was in evolutionary rats unless we use our power. It gave us warmth to avoid harsh winter, this light has been extended on our days, these destructive forces have given us a weapon against the predators and this makes us cook our food, which allows our brain to grow. Our search of fire not only changed our technologies but our culture and way of life.

But, I will argue that we are currently living in equal or even more time of change. We are living in the time of incredible development, which has already started to change the way we live our lives. A huge percentage of our population linked to the Internet, the human race is much more intuitive than ever before. But what happened due to this amazing tool? What was an invention of our smartphone equipped generation? Transistor

The transistor is information itself, even this post is just a series of ones and zeros beaming across the planet to be interpreted by the processors in your computers. Without the transistor, you would not access the wealth of information online to do gain your knowledge, and you wouldn�t be able to read this post. You would not be able to see any videos on YouTube, You would not be able to chat with your friends on social sites. I would not able to share this post on the internet. So actually, the whole technology depends on the transistor.

The transistor is so simple, but it is the foundation of all our modern computers, Smartphones, Tablets. Digital circuits cannot be made without transistors.

If you do search on the internet 'how a Transistor works ?', you will get many answers. So in this post, I am not saying the deeply about working Transistor. I am only trying to explain the importance of Transistor for the growth of the world.


What is a Transistor?


A Transistor is an Active Device. A transistor is a three terminal semiconductor device. A simple Description about construction and working of Transistor is given below. 


A simple Description about construction and working of Transistor:

Silicon is a semiconductor, which means that its operational properties can be prepared by presenting impurities in the crystal structure. The silicon has 4 electrons in its valence shell, it is an outer orbit for electrons and it determines the many chemical properties of the atom. Atoms want 8 electrons in that shell, because of which they are made very stable.

  Therefore silicon easily creates covalent bonding to 4 neighboring silicon atoms to achieve those additional electrons. Now if we present those pure impurities in this pure silicon crystal, then we can change how this present holds. If we add phosphorus, in which its valence shell has 5 electrons, then additional electron crystal structure is left free to rotate.

  This extra electron charges N-type negatively, from which the name comes. P-type is positive charge because it is doped with boron, in which its valence shell has three electrons. This structure wants to achieve the ultimate electron and steals the electrons from its neighbor's atoms, this is a mobile positive charge, which is called a hole. Thus the conductivity of materials has increased because we have increased the number of mobile tariffs.

  When we arrange the N-type and P-type semiconductor in this way and attach the terminal to each, we make the world's most popular transistors. Transistor works on the N-type and P-type junction, due to the interaction of those free electrons and holes. The free electron in P-Type will be migrated to fill those holes in P-Type. They form a boundary layer that is called a decreasing layer which prevents more electrons that pass through each other due to negative charges. But, when a positive voltage is applied on the base, then it rejects the layer of that deficiency and permits electrons to flow through the circuit to complete it.
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