Fundamentals Of Electrical Engineering: How It works

Showing posts with label How It works. Show all posts

Thursday, December 20, 2018

How It works December 20, 2018

Which gas is used in Bulb and Why?

Cause of Gas used in Bulb

Most of the bulbs are available which are named according to their filling gas like Halogen lamp, mercury lamp etc. But many of us do not know Which gas is used in Incandescent Bulb or filament bulb and Why? Most of the cases Argon gas is used in bulbs but other inert gases also used in the bulb. We will discuss why we used Argon gas or other inert gas in Bulbs.

How Incandescent or filament bulbs work?

The working of Incandescent or filament bulbs is very simple. When the flow of an electric current is done through a metallic wire then the wire radiates heat. If we increase the flow of current the wire radiates heat as well as light energy. If we increase the flow of current more and more the wire radiates more light energy. This phenomenon is used in Incandescent or filament bulbs.

The fine metallic wire which can produce light in Incandescent bulb is called Filament.

The properties of Filament of Incandescent or filament bulb:

High melting point
Low-temperature coefficient
Good mechanical strength
High resistivity
Low vapour presser

The materials which are used in Incandescent bulb are:

Previously carbon, osmium, tantalum are used in an incandescent bulb, but due to their some drawbacks nowadays Tungsten used as a filament material in an incandescent bulb.

The causes of using gas in Incandescent or filament bulb:

The filament of the bulb can work efficiently at the temperature up to 2000�C. If we operate it beyond 2000�C temperature the filament will be vapourized. The operation of the bulb below 2000�C temperature can give very low light energy. So we must operate the bulb beyond the 2000�C temperature without vapourization or evaporation of the filament.

To overcome this problem mainly Argon gas is used to fill the bulb. a small percentage of nitrogen gas is also used with the argon gas to reduce the ARC. Krypton gas can be used instead of Argon gas, but the Krypton gas is very expensive. For this reason, krypton gas is used in only the special lamps.

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Saqib Khan 0

Monday, December 10, 2018

How It works December 10, 2018

How does a cell phone vibrate-know easily

How does a cell phone vibrate

Have you ever thought that how does a cell phone vibrate?. If you thought about it then this article will be helpful for you. So let's known How does a cell phone vibrate?

How does a cell phone vibrate?

Mobile phones vibrating system is very simple. For vibrating mobile phones have a very small Permanent Magnet DC motor. This motor has an Eccentric mass counterweight. So when you received any message or call the motor gets electric supply and it starts rotates and as a result the Mobile Phone does vibrate.

Mobile Phone Vibration Motor

The mobile phone vibration motor is a DC motor which can rotate at 3V DC supply. There are mainly two types of mobile phone vibration motor,

Types of mobile phone vibration motor:

1. Cylindrical Type mobile phone vibration motor:

This type of motors are very simple like PMDC motors but has a different construction. This type of motors has the permanent magnet as rotor and Coil in the stator. When DC supply is given to the motor the permanent magnet rotates. As its shaft is attached to the Eccentric mass counterweight, the mobile phone does vibrate.

This type of motors is used in old mobile phones.

2. Coin Type mobile phone vibration motor:

This type of motors are looks like a coin. This type of motors is used in modern smartphones.

Mobile phone vibration motor RPM:

Normally a mobile phone vibration motor run at 9000rpm - 12000rpm. The rpm of motors varies with different phones.

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Saqib Khan 0

Wednesday, December 5, 2018

How It works December 05, 2018

Mosquito Killer Bat Circuit Diagram and Working Principle-Full explanation

Mosquito Killer Bat Circuit Diagram and Working principle.

Mosquito Killer Bat Circuit Diagram, How Mosquito Killer Bat Works

Today we are going to know a very interesting topic that is Mosquito Killer Bat Circuit Diagram and Working Principle.
In this post, Working of Mosquito Killer Bat, the Internal circuit of Mosquito Killer Bat are described.

What inside a Mosquito Killer Bat?

As you see in the pictures Mosquito Killer Bat looks like a Badminton racket. It has three layers of metal mesh(one inner mesh and two outer mesh) in form of the net in the upper portion. If you see the circuit diagram then you will notice the output terminals of the circuit for the Inner and Outer mesh. If you see the below picture then you will understand what inside a Mosquito Killer Bat.

Internal Circuit components and parts of Mosquito Killer Bat:

How Mosquito Killer Bat works?

The working of the Mosquito Killer Bat is very simple. A high voltage power supply is given to the metal mesh. So when a mosquito flies between the Meshes it creates a low resistance path between the meshes so the high voltage creates an ARC through the body of the mosquito which is instantly electrocuted.

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Mosquito Killer Bat Circuit Diagram with Explanation:

Click on the image to enlarge.

Transformerless power supply:

As you see in the above the circuit diagram it has Transformerless Power supply system for charge the battery(3V rechargeable battery). If you don't know how transformerless power supply works and if you want to make a transformerless power supply then you read our previous article about Transformerless Power supply. The link is given below.

Oscillator Circuit:

You already know that battery has DC source and we cannot step up DC. So an Oscillator circuit is used to convert DC to Pulsating AC. The Oscillator circuit consists of a Transistor, capacitors, and resistors.

Transformer:

A transformer you can call also pulse transformer is used to step up the oscillating frequency and voltage.

Ladder Network:

The output of the transformer is boosted up through a ladder network which consists of diodes and capacitors.

Output Capacitor:

You can see the circuit has a non-polarized capacitor of 650V which connected in parallel with the output terminals for storing high voltage and discharge during operation.

What is the Output Voltage and Frequency of the Mosquito Killer Bat?

The Output Voltage of Mosquito Killer Bat is 600V-100V. And frequency is 100KHz - 200KHz.

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Saqib Khan 0

Tuesday, November 20, 2018

How It works November 20, 2018

What is USB killer?How a USB killer Works?How to protect your device from USB killer?

Know about USB Killer

In this post, we are going to know What is USB killer? How a USB killer Works? How to protect your device from USB killer?

What is USB killer?

Nowadays USB killer is a very popular device for it's damaging nature to the electronic devices. It is also called a malicious USB device. It looks like a USB memory card reader and pen drives. But it is very dangerous for your electronics devices.

You can permanently damage an electronic device like mobile, laptop using this USB killer. Let's know how a USB killer works.

How a USB killer Works?

At first, let's see what inside a USB killer. A USB killer consists of few oscillators, Step up transformer and few capacitors. Many USB killers consist of DC to DC converters, capacitors and transistors. But all types of USB killer works the same.

Basically, a USB killer creates a very high negative voltage and then feeds to your electronics devices which causes your device to permanently damage.

At first USB killer takes 5V DC from your electronic device when you plug in then it using oscillator circuits converts 5V DC to a pulse signal. Then step up transformer steps up the voltage. Capacitor stored the voltage as charge and then feeds to your electronic device.

How to protect your device from USB killer?

The USB killer has not only disadvantages, but it has also some advantages like it is used for testing purpose and other purposes. But some people may try to damage your device by USB killer. Nowadays many companies like APPLE adding USB killers protectors to their products. Using Opto-isolator you can protect your electronic device.

Opto-isolator is an electronic component on the motherboard that will exchange electrical signals between two isolated circuits using lights this means that the deadly minus 200 volts cannot travel as far. So your device will be safe from USB killer.

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Saqib Khan 0

Saturday, October 27, 2018

How It works October 27, 2018

How a Hair Dryer Works? Hair Dryer Circuit Diagram.

The technology is getting better people are discovering new things for using in daily life which makes our life easier. Nowadays we have used a lot of electrical and electronic products for making easily our works. Hair Dryer is a very useful product. Most of the people use the hair dryer to dry their hair.

Are you know How a Hair Dryer Work? If you do not know How a Hair Dryer Work? then this article will be helpful for you. In this article, we are going to know "How a Hair Dryer Work? Hair Dryer Circuit Diagram".

History of Hair Dryer:

Before going to know "How a Hair Dryer Work?" let's know the history of the Hair Drayer. The concept of an electric hair dryer comes in 1890. In 1925, the first handheld electric hair dryer comes in the market. The Hair Dryer is also known as Blow Dryer.

Parts of a Simple Hair Dryer:

The construction of a Hair Dryer is very simple it has the following parts,

Very hard Plastic Body.
Heating Element.
12V or 24V DC Motor.
Switches.

How a Hair Dryer Works, Hair Dryer Circuit Diagram, Internal circuit diagram of hair dryer,Hair dryer circuit diagram

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Heating Element in a Hair Dryer:

Every Hair Dryer has a Heating Element for Heating purpose. Most of the Heating Element is made up of Nichrome wire wound on an insulating material. A Heating Element of Hair Dryer is shown in the below picture. This heating element has tow coils of nichrome wire for controlling the temperature which is described in the working principle section.

DC Motor used in Hair Dryer:

A fan is made by DC motor used in Hair Dryer which brings the air inside the Hair Dryer and after heating, we get a hot air. The DC motor is mainly of 24V. Now you may think how 24V DC motor runs on 230V AC. We already know that the Hair Dryer has a Heating element which has two coils. Actually, The DC motor is connected in series with one of the nichrome wire coils and the coil drops the voltage. A Bridge rectifier circuit using four diodes is used to convert AC to DC. If you see the circuit diagram carefully then you will understand better.

Now you may think why DC motor is used instead of AC. The answer is described below,

Why DC Motor is used in Hair Dryer, not AC Motor?

We know that the speed of AC motor depends on supply frequency and the number of poles. We have 50Hz AC supply, and minimum two poles are possible in AC motor. So if an AC motor has two poles and 50Hz frequency then the speed the motor will be 3000rpm. But we need a high rpm. For this reason, DC motor is used in Hair Dryer not, AC motor.

Other reasons are; Low cost, high efficiency, long life etc.

Internal Circuit Diagram of Hair Dryer:

The internal circuit is shown in the below figure. There are many types of hair dryers are available in the market and they have different circuits. So the below circuit is given for Just to convince you. You just know that a hair dryer has a heating element having two coils. The DC motor is connected in series with the coil for drop the voltage.

Working of a Hair Dryer:

The working of a Hair Dryer is very simple. When we plug in the Hair Dryer and turn the switch on the heating elements start heating and the electric fan has drawn air from outside. When the air passes through the hair dryer it becomes hot and at last, we get a hot air for dry our hair.

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Saqib Khan 0

Sunday, October 21, 2018

How It works October 21, 2018

How Musical Electronic Flasher work? Inside a Musical Electronic Flasher.

How Musical Electronic Flasher work?

Inside a Musical Electronic Flasher.

Musical Electronic Flasher is an equipment which is used in the car as musical turn signal flasher.
There are many types of Musical Electronic Flasher in the market. The Musical Electronic Flasher which is shown in the picture gives the indication during turning of the Car. It is a 24V DC operated Musical Electronic Flasher. It has a Buzzer.
The internal parts of this Musical Electronic Flasher are shown in the below picture.

Internal Parts of Musical Electronic Flasher:

The Musical Electronic Flasher which is shown in the above picture has three terminals.

Terminals of Musical Electronic Flasher:

1. 'B' - Battery
2. 'L' - Load
3. 'E' - Earth

It has a Relay mechanism, which consists of Coil and Contact system. During operation when the coil is energized, the circuit becomes NC to NO. Then the LED which is connected to the load terminal will be flashing. And also the Buzzer will be turn on.

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Saqib Khan 0

Sunday, October 14, 2018

How It works October 14, 2018

Microphone inside Headphone

The microphone inside Headphone.

We are all use headphones. In this post, we discuss what inside a simple headphone, What types of microphones used in headphones.
Basically, Electret microphone used in headphones. This type of microphone can be called a condenser microphone.

Let,s know how this type of microphone works. Like a capacitor, it also has two parallel plates. One of them is fixed or not movable and another is movable(in form of Diaphragm). There is a small gap between the two plates. An electrical potential is given to the plates. When sound is created near the microphone the vibrating air particles strikes the movable plate and it starts moving and the distance between the plates also changes. So the capacitance changes between the plates which in turn result in a variable electric current to flow. Thus the sound is converted into a proportional electrical signal. It can be called a Capacitive Transducer.
Then this electrical signal is amplified by the amplifier.

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Saqib Khan 0

How It works October 14, 2018

How Auto ON/OFF sensor light works?

In this post, you will learn how a simple auto ON/OFF sensor light works. Nowadays many types of auto ON/OFF sensor light are available. In this post, we will discuss a simple auto ON/OFF sensor light.

The working of this sensor light is very simple. There is a transformerless power supply, which provides power to the LEDs. An IC of the bridge rectifier is used to convert AC to DC.

A Light Depende Resistor(LDR) is connected between the LEDs and the supply. The resistance of the LDR depends on the light. During the daytime the resistance of the LDR is very low, so current directly flow through the LDR to ground. So LEDs are not illuminated. During the night the resistance of the LDR is increasing and becomes very high so the current cannot flow through the LDR, it flows through the LEDs. So LEDs are illuminated.

How Auto ON/OFF sensor light works? Sensor light with LDR

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How It works October 14, 2018

How CPU fan works, BLDC motor

How CPU fan works, BrushLess DC motor

What inside a CPU fan?

We are all already seen that in Motherboards, CPUs, and other many electrical and electronics devices DC fans are installed for the colling purpose. Let's know about this and its constructions, working principle.

The DC fans which are installed in the Motherboards, CPU and other many electrical and electronic devices use brushless DC motor or BLDC motor, which is electronically commuted motor.

Construction of Brushless DC motor:

Each motor has a rotor part and a stator part.

Stator: In the stator part the armature coil is placed. And a Hall-effect sensor also placed in the stator. The windings are arranged in either Star or Delta.

Rotor: The rotor part is very simple. It has a cylindrical permanent magnet. The blades are attached to it. The cylindrical permanent magnet rotates around the armature. The rotor has no. of poles, 2 poles or 4 poles or 6 poles or 8 poles. A heavy magnetic material is used in the rotor for producing high torque.

Working Principle of BLDC Motor:

The working principle of this type of motor is very simple. When we applied DC voltage in the stator coil it will produce magnetic flux and becomes a electro-magnates. The opposite poles of the stator and rotor are attracted to each other and therefore the rotor moves. The hall-effect sensor used to run the motor and it detects the position of the rotor by which it energized the coils in a sequence in order to rotate the motor.

In some motors, the rotor is placed inside the stator and in some motors, the stator is placed inside the rotor.

Advantages of BLDC Motor:

This types of motors are highly efficient. This types of motors can produce a large amount of torque. The operation of this types of motors very smooth. Its speed is very high.

Applications of BLDC Motor:

1. This type of motors is used for cooling purpose in Electrical and Electronics devices.

2. This type of motors is used in Robotics, automotive etc.

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Saqib Khan 0

How It works October 14, 2018

Why a small circuit board is used in mobile phone battery?

The lithium-ion battery used everywhere like mobile phones, laptops, and even electric cars etc. You have probably noticed that a small board is used in mobile phone batteries. So there is a question arise why a small board is used in mobile phone battery.

Let�s know why a small circuit board is used in mobile phone battery.

Lithium-ion batteries are now the most efficient type of batteries they are compact has high energy intensity lack of parasitic memory effect but have one significant drawback the fact is that they are operating and the process of charging should be carefully monitored. If the battery discharges below a certain limit there is a high probability that it will fail. The same is in the case of overcharging. The voltage of a fully charged lithium-ion battery is 4.2 volts. In this condition, recharging can cause blistering and even the explosion of the battery. The same will happen in the case of overload and short circuits.

The board which you noticed in the mobile phone batteries, that�s protection board. The board protects from a deep discharge from overcharging and from short circuits or overcurrent. On the board, you can clearly see a couple of chips resistors and capacitors. The circuit is made by Field Effect Transistors.
The board also protects from overheating and provides uniform charge by balancing the voltage.

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Saqib Khan 0

How It works October 14, 2018

Why mobile phone or cell phone battery has more than two terminal?

Mobile phone battery

In the present day, the use of mobile phones increases very much. The batteries of the mobile phone have more than two terminals. Some batteries have three terminals, and some batteries have four terminals.

We already know that battery gives DC power supply. And each battery has two terminals positive and negative terminal. But the mobile batteries have more than two terminals.

Let�s learn why mobile batteries have more than two terminals.

The terminals of the battery are,

1. Positive Terminal

2. Negative Terminal

3. Battery Status indicator terminal

4. Battery Temperature indicator terminal

The function of Battery Status indicator Terminal:

Battery Status indicator pin of the battery gives the information like the type and size of the battery to the Processor. That means when you plug in your battery to the mobile phone, this Battery Status indicator pin generates the signal which it sends to the Processor and then the processor will determine the type and size of the capacity of the battery which ultimately helps the processor to find out the voltage and current of the battery.

Another function of this pin is, if the phone is on and you suddenly remove the battery, the Battery Status indicator pin immediately interrupts and tells the processor to shut down all communications to prevent damage of your data or mobile phone.

The function of the Battery Temperature indicator Terminal:

This terminal gives the information to the processor regarding the temperature of the battery. This terminal is connected to the thermistor, which senses the temperature of the battery to prevent the battery from overheating.

Let�s learn about three terminals battery:

Why a mobile phone or cell phone battery has more than two terminal

Three terminal battery

In three terminals battery, one terminal is the positive terminal, one is the negative terminal and another is Battery Status indicator or Battery Temperature indicator. Generally, the middle terminal is Battery Status indicator or Battery Temperature indicator. The middle terminal of the battery gives the information about charging current, voltage etc.

Let�s learn about four terminals battery:

In four terminals battery, one terminal is positive terminal, one is negative terminal and others are Battery Status indicator and Battery Temperature indicator.

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How It works October 14, 2018

Working of Universal mobile battery charger.

In this post, we tried to give a basic idea of a Universal mobile battery charger. This post may help you.

Universal mobile Battery charger helps to charger any cell phone battery without mobile. Universal mobile battery charger works nearly the same as a mobile charger. Simply connecting the battery you can charge any mobile battery.

Working of Universal mobile battery charger described below,

At first, see What inside a Universal mobile battery charger?

How universal mobile battery charger works?

1. At the first stage, a half wave rectifier (using single Diode) converts AC to DC.

2. An electrolytic capacitor is used to filtrate the DC output. Remember that this is 230V DC.

3. Next, an Oscillator circuit consisting of Transistor, Zener Diode, PN Junction Diode, Capacitor is used to Oscillate the DC output of the rectifier.

4. The Oscillating signal fed to the step-down transformer. The transformer steps down the voltage. The transformer has two primary winding and one secondary winding.

5. Then again the output of transformer converted into DC.

6. An electrolytic capacitor is used to filtrate DC and a Zener Diode is used as a voltage regulator.

In this circuit the IC is used to control the LEDs which indicate charging, charging level etc.

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Saturday, October 13, 2018

How It works October 13, 2018

How Speaker works

How Speaker works?

In our daily life, the use of the speaker�s very much. The working principle of the speaker is very simple. You will easily understand it. Let�s learn how a speaker works.

The working principle of the speaker is based on the interaction of permanent magnet and electromagnet.

Construction of a simple Speaker:

The speaker has a permanent magnet and an electromagnet. A coil of very thin copper wire is used as an electromagnet. We already know that if current flow through a coil then it becomes an electromagnet. This electromagnet has the pole which can be changed. But the poles of the permanent magnet cannot be changed. The coil of copper wire is also known as the voice coil. The coil of copper wire or electromagnet placed inside the poles of the permanent magnet with a former. The purpose of the former is to hold the speaker cone. The speaker cone (Diaphragm) is glued to the voice coil former. And the suspension is glued on the frame. The permanent surrounded the electromagnet. The spiders are used in two sides of the voice coil which allow the voice coil to move only up and down not sideways. The dust cap is used to protect the voice coil from dust. These magnets are placed in a frame of a metal plate.

Working principle of Speaker:

When the pulse current or signals from audio device fed to the coil the coil becomes an electromagnet and it generates the magnetic pole. If the same pole is generated in the electromagnet as the permanent magnet pole, they repulse each other. As the electromagnet is very light in weight, it tends to move up and down according to the pulse current or signal. The speaker cone or diaphragm doing same and it pushes the air creating sound waves.

This is the basic "working principle of a Speaker".

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Saqib Khan 0

How It works October 13, 2018

Working of modern Led bulb with transformer less power supply.

Working of the modern Led bulb with transformerless power supply.

Nowadays LED bulbs are very much use instead of incandescent lamps and CFL lamps. LED bulbs are very much efficient than others and very less power is required for its operation. Many types of LED bulbs are available in the market. Let�s learn working principles of LED bulbs which has a Transformerless power supply circuit.

In this post, you will learn how a transformerless power supply works. The circuit diagram of Transformerless power supply is given below. The LEDs are used as a load.

Inside a Modern LED bulb:

Working of Modern LED bulb:

The circuit consists of an X-rated series capacitor which drops the 220-230v AC voltage.

And a high value of the resistor (Rp) connected in parallel with the capacitor for discharge the capacitor.

A series resistor (Rs) is used for limit the current.

A bridge circuit using four diodes is used to convert AC to DC.

An electrolytic capacitor is connected in parallel with the output of the rectifier for filtrate the DC.

A Zener diode is used for voltage regulation purpose.

The DC output filtrate by the capacitor and Pure DC.

Transformerless Power supply for LED:

internal circuit of led bulb, transformer less power supply

Led with Transformerless power supply

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Thursday, December 20, 2018

Cause of Gas used in Bulb

How Incandescent or filament bulbs work?

The properties of Filament of Incandescent or filament bulb:

The materials which are used in Incandescent bulb are:

The causes of using gas in Incandescent or filament bulb:

Monday, December 10, 2018

How does a cell phone vibrate

How does a cell phone vibrate?

Mobile Phone Vibration Motor

Types of mobile phone vibration motor:

1. Cylindrical Type mobile phone vibration motor:

2. Coin Type mobile phone vibration motor:

Mobile phone vibration motor RPM:

Wednesday, December 5, 2018

Mosquito Killer Bat Circuit Diagram and Working principle.

What inside a Mosquito Killer Bat?

Internal Circuit components and parts of Mosquito Killer Bat:

How Mosquito Killer Bat works?

Mosquito Killer Bat Circuit Diagram with Explanation:

Transformerless power supply:

Oscillator Circuit:

Transformer:

Ladder Network:

Output Capacitor:

What is the Output Voltage and Frequency of the Mosquito Killer Bat?

Tuesday, November 20, 2018

Know about USB Killer

What is USB killer?

How a USB killer Works?

How to protect your device from USB killer?

Saturday, October 27, 2018

How a Hair Dryer Works? Hair Dryer Circuit Diagram.

History of Hair Dryer:

Parts of a Simple Hair Dryer:

Heating Element in a Hair Dryer:

DC Motor used in Hair Dryer:

Why DC Motor is used in Hair Dryer, not AC Motor?

Internal Circuit Diagram of Hair Dryer:

Working of a Hair Dryer:

Sunday, October 21, 2018

How Musical Electronic Flasher work?

Inside a Musical Electronic Flasher.

Internal Parts of Musical Electronic Flasher:

Terminals of Musical Electronic Flasher:

Sunday, October 14, 2018

The microphone inside Headphone.

How Auto ON/OFF sensor light works?

How CPU fan works, BrushLess DC motor

What inside a CPU fan?

Construction of Brushless DC motor:

Working Principle of BLDC Motor:

Advantages of BLDC Motor:

Applications of BLDC Motor:

Why a small circuit board is used in mobile phone battery?

Let�s know why a small circuit board is used in mobile phone battery.

Why mobile phone or cell phone battery has more than two terminal?

Let�s learn why mobile batteries have more than two terminals.

The terminals of the battery are,

The function of Battery Status indicator Terminal:

The function of the Battery Temperature indicator Terminal:

Let�s learn about three terminals battery:

Let�s learn about four terminals battery:

Working of Universal mobile battery charger.

Working of Universal mobile battery charger described below,

How universal mobile battery charger works?

Saturday, October 13, 2018

How Speaker works?

Construction of a simple Speaker:

Working principle of Speaker:

Working of the modern Led bulb with transformerless power supply.

Inside a Modern LED bulb:

Working of Modern LED bulb:

Transformerless Power supply for LED:

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